Palestine - 1. Pressoir 2.3.4.5.6.– Instruments Aratoires (Plate 18) (Press-Agricultural implements)

Description

This engraving depicts agricultural technologies and simple mechanical production tools specific to Palestine. The scene in the upper section depicts a primitive press system, referred to in the text as a "Pressoir," used to crush and process produce such as grapes or olives. Inside a rectangular chamber surrounded by stone walls, several people carry out the crushing and pressing process. Such presses are common in Palestinian and Syrian villages, consisting of several stone basins and interconnecting channel systems. The product is crushed at the top, while the resulting liquid flows into a collection pit below. Archaeological remains in the region confirm the widespread use of similar press structures from the Roman and Byzantine periods onward. The lower section lists the basic agricultural implements of Palestinian rural life: 2. Pull Plow - Middle Handle and Iron-Tip Body: This plow, harnessed by oxen, has a long body and steering arm designed to break up hard, stony soil. The angulation of the handle is designed to enhance the driver's steering ability. 3. Plow's Side Component or Depth Adjustment Rod: Used to adjust soil depth and ensure a consistent plowing process. 4. Threshing Flail - Stone Flail: Equipped with sharp flint pieces on the underside, the flail was pulled by animals to separate the grain from the chaff. This technology survived in rural areas of Palestine, Jordan, and Syria until the 19th century. 5. Multi-Wheel Threshing Cart (For Transport or Threshing): Simple yet functional wheel assemblies were used for both crop transport and leveling at the threshing floor. 6. Field Leveling Rod or Plow Rod: A long, leveling tool used to level the ground before planting, pushing aside stones, or removing slight undulations.